![]() The high genetic diversity detected in the Mediterranean refugia is due to the preservation of genotypes that went extinct in other places and to the intensity and accumulation of a number of processes in a patchy landscape across a varied topography. However, it has also been recently demonstrated that Mediterranean refugia represent climatically stable areas for which it is necessary to consider the cumulative effects of changes, rather than just the changes that occurred during the last glacial period. In the last few years several phylogeographical studies have supported this general view concerning the importance of the last glacial maximum (LGM about 0.020 Ma) in shaping species distribution and contemporary intraspecific genetic diversity. Populations that survived glaciations in refugia could have accumulated large amounts of genetic diversity, whereas those now found in post-glacially recolonised regions may have less diversity as a result of bottlenecks during their recent expansions. In general, species survived cold adverse periods in so-called glacial refugia and later recolonised areas newly available during warmer post-glacial periods. Quaternary glaciations and mostly late Pleistocene glaciation (0.120–0.018 Ma) have shaped the contemporary distribution of many species. 192 BIODIVAM.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Nils Moosdorf (Institute for Biogeochemistry and Marine Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Germany ).įunding: Interreg Alcotra programme 2007-2013, project n. ![]() The global lithological map dataset (GLiM) is available upon request via email from Dr. In particular, occurrence data from the SILENE and FLORE databases are available upon request from Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles ( ). Data from a third party are available upon request directly to the proprietary. Climatic data are available from WorldClim website ( ). Accession numbers are reported in S3 Table. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: DNA sequences are available at GenBank data base. Received: JAccepted: NovemPublished: November 21, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Casazza et al. PLoS ONE 11(11):Įditor: Massimo Labra, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ITALY This study underlines the importance of cumulative effect of previous glacial cycles in shaping the genetic structure of plant species in Maritime and Ligurian Alps, as expected for a Mediterranean mountain region more than for an Alpine region.Ĭitation: Casazza G, Grassi F, Zecca G, Minuto L (2016) Phylogeographic Insights into a Peripheral Refugium: The Importance of Cumulative Effect of Glaciation on the Genetic Structure of Two Endemic Plants. The complex phylogeographical pattern observed in the study species suggests that both populations and genotypes extinction was minimal during the last glacial maximum, probably due to the low impact of glaciations and to topographic complexity in this area. ![]() Our results suggest that separation of the major clades predates the last glacial maximum and the following repeated glacial and interglacial periods probably drove differentiations. The predicted suitable area for last glacial maximum roughly fitted current known distribution. We used species distribution models and phylogeographical methods to infer glacial refugia and to reconstruct the phylogeographical pattern of Silene cordifolia All. The low number of endemic species studied limits the understanding of the processes that took place within this region. However, in the Maritime and Ligurian Alps a more complex picture is suggested by the presence of many Tertiary paleoendemisms and by the divergence time between lineages in one endemic species predating the Late Pleistocene glaciation. Quaternary glaciations and mostly last glacial maximum have shaped the contemporary distribution of many species in the Alps.
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